Bacterial Biofilms and Antimicrobial Resistance

Abstract

Complex communities of microorganisms embedded in a self-generated extracellular matrix, known as biofilms, exhibit a universal tendency to adhere to surfaces. Globally, over 89% of microorganisms are organised in biofilms, prevalent in ecosystems such as surface water, lakes, and terrestrial environments. These structures demonstrate high resistance to antimicrobial agents, posing significant challenges in both environmental and clinical settings. This article examines the mechanisms by which biofilms confer antimicrobial resistance (AMR), focusing on biofilm production by Bacillus species on selected plants, the implications for public health, and potential strategies to address this issue.